Cross, J. V. & Jay, C. N. 2000. Exploiting the parasitoids Lathrolestes ensator and Platygaster demades for control of apple sawfly and apple leaf midge in IPM in apple orchards. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production, …
Life history Recognition Natural enemies and biological control Biotechnological control Cultural control Monitoring using pheromone traps Chemical control Further …
Apple leaf midge is a widespread and abundant but usually minor pest of apple present in all apple orchards, often on most trees. Apple and Malus sp. only are infested. All apple varieties are susceptible. Trees with vigorously growing shoots are …
Broad-spectrum, persistent insecticides do great harm to many natural enemies, either eliminating them or reducing populations so severely that they have little affect. However, there is a considerable range of more selective insecticides. Most fungicides …
There is a large number, and a diverse range, of species of parasitic wasp and some parasitic fly species which are natural enemies of apple and/or pear pests. They are commonly known as parasitoids, a term referring to any insect whose larvae develop by …
Potential effectiveness of natural enemies of apple pests Predatory mites Lacewings Hoverflies Ladybirds Predatory midge larvae Ground beetles Spiders Pathogenic fungi, viruses and nematodes Earwigs Predatory bugs (anthocorids, mirids and nabids) …
Codling moth has one complete and one partial generation per year in southern Britain, though two generations occur in hot summers. The first, stronger generation, occurs between mid May and late July. The second generation occurs between August and …
Key pest of apple, less frequently pear though attacks on pear can be very damaging. Attacks fruit directly, so economically important at low population …
Host plant resistance is not known to occur in apple cultivars though some Malus sp. with high malic acid content may be resistant. Early harvested varieties may escape attack from second generation larvae. Pear varieties with stone cells round calyx …
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